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Discover San Fermin, the famous Running of the Bulls festival in Pamplona, Spain

When you think of bull running, the image that probably comes to mind is the fiesta of San Fermín

The San Fermín festival, held annually in Pamplona, Spain, is one of the most famous and thrilling celebrations in the world. Known primarily for its daily running of the bulls, or ‘Encierro’, the festival is steeped in history, tradition and cultural significance.

Here is the history of the San Fermín festival, and why it is celebrated, as well as the main events that take place during the week-long festivities, the traditional attire of participants and the controversies surrounding animal welfare at the fiesta.

Why do they celebrate San Fermín? History and tradition

The San Fermín festival traces its roots back to the mediaeval period. Originally, the event combined two different celebrations: one honouring Saint Fermín, the co-patron of the region of Navarra, where Pamplona is, and another comprising summer trade fairs. Over time, these two events merged, and the running of the bulls became a central feature.

Saint Fermín, according to legend, was a 3rd-century Christian convert and the first bishop of Pamplona. The celebration in his honour initially involved religious ceremonies, but by the 14th century, bullfighting and other secular activities began to dominate the festivities. The modern format of the festival, with its iconic Encierro, evolved over centuries, becoming the internationally renowned event it is today.

When is San Fermín celebrated in Spain

San Fermín takes place from July 6 to 14 every year. The festival kicks off with the ‘Chupinazo’, a ceremonial rocket launch from the town hall balcony on July 6, signalling the start of the celebrations.

The days that follow are filled with various events, including traditional dances, parades, music and street performances and fireworks at 11pm every night of the week. It is also, like many Spanish fiestas, an event that is filled with a lot of eating and drinking.

The highlight of the festival for many (or lowlight, depending who you ask) is undoubtedly the Encierro, which takes place every morning at 8am from July 7 to 14. Participants, dressed in traditional white outfits with red scarves and sashes tied around their waists, run alongside six fighting bulls through the narrow streets of Pamplona to the bullring.

The run covers a distance of 825 metres (approximately half a mile) and lasts around three minutes, although the danger and excitement of being speared by a bull make it feel much longer for those involved.

In the afternoons, bullfights are held in the Plaza de Toros. These events, while controversial, are a significant part of the festival’s history and draw large crowds of spectators.

What do people wear to San Fermín?

At the Sanfermines, it is typical to wear white clothing because it symbolises purity, and red accessories, which are a nod to Saint Fermín, who is believed to have been martyred.

The traditional outfit includes a white shirt and trousers, a red scarf tied around the neck and a red waistband. The fact that just about everyone wears the same clothes not only creates a striking visual impact but it also fosters a sense of unity and belonging when you’re there, adding to the festive atmosphere.

Criticisms and controversies over animal cruelty

While the San Fermín festival is a beloved tradition for many, it is not without its criticisms. Animal rights activists have long condemned the event for its treatment of the bulls. The running of the bulls is inherently stressful and dangerous for the animals, and the subsequent bullfights, where the bulls are killed, are viewed as cruel and inhumane.

Organisations such as PETA and other animal welfare groups have campaigned against the festival, calling for an end to the bull runs and bullfights. They argue that the event glorifies animal cruelty and causes unnecessary suffering.

Despite these protests, the festival continues to enjoy widespread support, particularly among locals and those who view it as an essential part of Spanish culture and heritage.

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